State-of-the-art lithium-ion battery recycling technologies
Water leaching is applied to the calcined powder to dissolve the Li. The metal oxide does not dissolve in the water. After water leaching, the filtration process separates the undissolved metal oxide and the aqueous solution to produce a rich Li 2 CO 3 solution, followed by water evaporation to finally obtain Li 2 CO 3 powder (Bae & Kim, 2021).