A Circular Economy for Lithium-Ion Batteries Used in Mobile and ...
As large-format battery energy storage (BES) capacity increases in the United States, so will the volume of spent lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) (Bade 2019). ... battery energy storage, BES, circular economy, decommissioning, end-of-life, ESS, EVs, LiBs, lithium-ion batteries, policy, RCRA, recycling, regulation, reuse, secondary application ...