End-of-life or second-life options for retired electric vehicle batteries
Serving on an electric vehicle is a tough environment for batteries—they typically undergo more than 1,000 charging/discharging incomplete cycles in 5–10 years 13 and are subject to a wide temperatures range between −20°C and 70°C, 14 high depth of discharge (DOD), and high rate charging and discharging (high power). When an EV battery pack …