State-of-Charge Estimation in Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric …
4.1.3 Impendence Method. To calculate the impedance of the system, current and voltage measurements of the system should be done at different excitation frequencies, as the impedance also depends on the frequency of the system. ... Lithium-Ion Battery. 15. LO. Linear Observer. 16. NLO. Non-Linear Observer. 17. NNM. Neural …